If your industrial facility discharges wastewater or stormwater, understanding the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) is essential. In Ohio, the NPDES program is administered by the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency (Ohio EPA), and it plays a critical role in protecting water quality across the state. Whether you’re new to environmental compliance or brushing up on the basics, this guide will walk you through what NPDES is, why it matters, and how to navigate the permitting process in Ohio.

What Is NPDES and Why Does It Matter?

The NPDES program was established under the Clean Water Act in 1972 to regulate the discharge of pollutants into U.S. waters. Its goal is to ensure that discharges from industrial, municipal, and other facilities do not harm water quality or public health.

Failing to obtain or comply with an NPDES permit can result in significant penalties, legal action, and environmental harm. That’s why understanding your responsibilities is not just good practice — it’s essential for regulatory compliance and environmental stewardship.

Beyond legal compliance, NPDES permits also support broader sustainability goals. By managing discharges responsibly, facilities contribute to the protection of aquatic ecosystems, drinking water sources, and recreational waterways that communities across Ohio rely on.

Discharges That Require NPDES Permits

There are two primary types of discharges that typically require NPDES permits in Ohio:

1. Wastewater Discharges

These include process water (water that comes into contact with raw materials or manufacturing products), non-process water (e.g., cooling water), and sanitary wastewater from industrial operations. Facilities that discharge directly into surface waters (like rivers or lakes) must obtain an Individual Wastewater Discharge Permit. These permits are tailored to the specific characteristics of the facility and its discharges. Facilities that discharge to a publicly-owned treatment works (POTW) that does not have a treatment program approved by the state must obtain an Indirect Discharge permit. General permits are also available for certain categories of discharge and eliminate the need for some facilities to obtain coverage under an individual permit.

2. Stormwater Discharges

Stormwater runoff from industrial sites can carry pollutants like oil, metals, and chemicals into nearby waterways. Facilities with stormwater exposed to industrial pollutant sources in certain sectors of industry must obtain coverage under an NPDES permit. Facilities may qualify for coverage under the state General Permit or may need an individual permit. Facilities may qualify for a No Exposure Certification. This certification is only valid if all industrial materials and activities are protected from precipitation and runoff.

New facilities or existing facilities disturbing one or more acres of ground must obtain a construction stormwater permit.

It’s important to note that even facilities with minimal discharge may still require a permit if their operations pose a risk to water quality. Conducting a thorough assessment of your site’s activities and exposure risks is a critical first step.

Ohio EPA vs. U.S. EPA: Who Does What?

While the U.S. EPA sets national standards, the Ohio EPA is responsible for implementing and enforcing the NPDES program within the state. This includes:

• Reviewing and issuing permits
• Conducting inspections
• Enforcing compliance
• Managing electronic reporting systems

Ohio EPA also tailors certain requirements to the state’s specific environmental conditions and regulatory priorities. For example, Ohio may require additional sampling data or use different application forms than other states.

Understanding the distinction between federal and state roles is important, especially when comparing requirements across state lines or working with multi-state operations.

The NPDES Application and Renewal Process in Ohio

Navigating the NPDES permitting process can seem daunting but breaking it down into steps can help. Here’s an overview of how it works in Ohio:

1. Determine Permit Type

Start by identifying whether your facility needs an individual or general permit. The Ohio EPA website provides guidance and sector-specific information to help you decide.

2. Gather Required Information

• Description of operations
• Flow diagrams
• Sampling data (including effluent characteristics)
• Site maps and discharge locations

For stormwater permits, you’ll need:

• A Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP)
• Site layout and drainage information
• Description of industrial activities.

It’s essential to ensure that all data is accurate and up to date. Incomplete or incorrect applications can delay the permitting process or result in noncompliance.

3. Submit Through Ohio EPA’s eBusiness Center

Ohio requires electronic submission of most NPDES applications through its STREAMS system, accessible via the Ohio EPA eBusiness Center. You’ll need to create an account and follow the instructions for uploading your application and supporting documents.

4. Pay Applicable Fees

Ohio EPA charges fees for permit applications and renewals. These vary depending on the type and complexity of the permit.

5. Public Notice and Review

Once submitted, your application may be subject to public notice and comment. Ohio EPA will review the application, request additional information if needed, and issue a draft permit for review. This step ensures transparency and allows stakeholders to provide input.

6. Final Permit Issuance

After the review period, Ohio EPA will issue the final permit. You’ll be responsible for complying with all terms, including monitoring, reporting, and recordkeeping. Facilities must also be prepared for periodic inspections and audits.

7. Permit Renewal

NPDES permits in Ohio are typically valid for five years. Renewal applications must be submitted at least 180 days before expiration to avoid lapses in coverage. Late submissions can result in enforcement actions or unpermitted discharges. Permittees should review application forms well in advance of the renewal date to ensure all information, including sampling data beyond routine parameters, is included in the application.

Final Thoughts

Understanding and complying with Ohio’s NPDES requirements is crucial for protecting water quality and avoiding regulatory issues. Whether you’re applying for a new permit or renewing an existing one, taking the time to understand the process – and the state-specific nuances – can save your facility time, money, and potential enforcement headaches.

For assistance in assessing NPDES permitting applicability or for general questions regarding NPDES regulations, contact Trinity at 800.229.6655 or complete the Contact Us form on our website. You can also reach out to our Cleveland, Ohio Senior Consultant, William Nobles.