Comprehensive Subsurface Investigations to Support Site Assessments

Subsurface investigations are critical to site assessments and cleanup operations. For releases, suspect releases, and Phase II Environmental Site Assessments, the sub surface investigations are tailored to site histories and known site actions. These investigations are designed to assess property conditions and identify contamination issues in soil and groundwater. For cleanup operations, a subsurface investigation takes the identification one step further and defines the nature and extent of the impacts. In addition, it can aid in the determination of the source of the impacts, aid in the evaluation of potential risks to human health and the environment, and gather data necessary for developing effective cleanup strategies.
Service Specifics

Our Subsurface Investigation Services

See how Trinity supports environmental site assessment and cleanup projects with thorough review of contamination issues.

Trinity is well-versed in performing soil and groundwater investigations, which identify the type, extent, and severity of contamination at a specific property due to chemical leaks, spills, discharges and other environmental releases. These investigations involve collecting data from contaminated properties to assess risks to human health and the environment due to air, soil and water quality impacts.

Groundwater sampling and assessments involve the systematic collection and analysis of water from underground sources to evaluate its quality, pollutants, contamination levels, and suitability for specific land uses. Trinity specializes in sampling strategies, groundwater well installations, and advanced techniques to ensure accurate data collection and compliance with environmental regulations.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) investigations focus on identifying sources of contamination at industrial sites and drinking water systems. Trinity is experienced in developing investigative strategies to accurately identify PFAS impacts from industrial processes, historical operations and environmental releases.

Vapor intrusion sampling methods are essential tools for detecting and assessing the movement of harmful vapors from contaminated soil or groundwater into buildings. By leveraging advanced techniques such as sub-slab soil gas sampling, indoor air monitoring, and ambient air analysis, Trinity can pinpoint contamination sources, evaluate exposure risks, and guide effective mitigation strategies.

Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is a non-invasive solution for accurately mapping subsurface features across a wide range of industrial properties. By emitting high-frequency electromagnetic pulses into the ground and analyzing the reflected signals, GPR provides detailed, real-time images of buried utilities, structural elements, voids, and other subsurface anomalies without disturbing the surface.

Groundwater modeling is an essential tool in water resources management, subsurface investigations and site cleanup projects. Through mathematical and computational representations of underground aquifers, our experts can accurately simulate groundwater flow, transport, and contaminant behavior under diverse subsurface conditions.

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Subsurface Investigations FAQs

An environmental subsurface investigation is required whenever there is a potential or confirmed contamination beneath the surface of a site, such as tank leaks, chemical spill or other environmental release. The need can also arise from the results of a Phase I Environmental Site Assessment or other historical site review.

The main goal of a Phase I ESA is to uncover Recognized Environmental Conditions (RECs) which are indicators that contamination might exist due to existing or historical operations. After its completion, the Phase II ESA (subsurface investigation) is typically conducted through soil and/or groundwater sampling to confirm the presence and extent of subsurface contamination.

Most subsurface investigations follow the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) process, 40 CFR Part 307, even if they do not meet requirements to be included in the Superfund program. States have also adopted the CERCLA process into state regulations and cleanup programs, which provides a consistent framework for site evaluation within a specific state.

Under federal law, a release or spill is generally reportable if (1) the chemical was released into the environment, which includes air, water, and land; and (2) the released quantity exceeds the Reportable Quantity (RQ) for a specific hazardous substance listed in 40 CFR 302.4. Note that state regulations may impose additional requirements for a specific spill event. A subsequent subsurface investigation can confirm the extent of any contamination, pollutants of concern and cleanup approaches.

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Related Resources

Subsurface Investigation for Michigan Industry Service Sheet
Sep 24, 2025
Subsurface Investigation for Michigan Industry Service Sheet
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